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The easiest way to get to know the brain is to learn the main structures of the adult brain and how they relate to its function (Figure 1). Finally, we present an outline of brain development from conception to three, linking developmental events to the cognitive and behavioral changes associated with them. We then discuss some unique features of early brain development and show how they make the first three years of life an especially critical period. We begin with a thumbnail sketch of brain anatomy, followed by a closer look at neurons and synapses, the brain’s communication specialists. Accordingly, we have expanded this year’s Brain Development chapter to include additional information reflecting the latest scientific research. However, dramatic advances continue to be made in the field, and brain research continues to enhance education and intervention efforts. So far, neuroscience has not found conclusive answers to these questions. If there are specific periods of vulnerability to certain types of experiences, then understanding these patterns will improve our attempts at intervention. Additionally, neuroscientists may help us learn when experiences affect children. This knowledge can aid our efforts to help children who are at risk and to undo, where possible, the effects of early adversity. For instance, it may help us learn exactly how experiences affect children. So why should we need an understanding of brain development to show us how important children’s earliest experiences are for their well-being? Isn’t neuroscience just telling us what we already know?Īctually, there are several reasons why we should pay attention to the evidence provided by neuroscience. 1īut the long-term effects of early stress, poverty, neglect and maltreatment were well documented and virtually uncontested years before we could “see” them with brain scanning tools. Neuroscientists can now identify patterns in brain activity that appear to be associated with some types of negative early experiences.

Thanks to recent advances in technology, we have a clearer understanding of how these effects are related to early brain development.